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Friday, September 23, 2022

What is Shares? Types of share. Difference between Equity Share and Preference Share.

What is Shares? | Types of share. | Difference between Equity Share and Preference Share.


Meaning of Share  

Meaning of share.
Meaning of Shares


Total capital of the company is divided into units of small units. Each such unit in which the capital of the company is divided is called a 'share'. In other words, a share is a unit in which the capital of the company is divided

Definition of Shares

According to Indian Companies Act, a share is the share capital of a company and includes stock except, where a distinction between stock and shares is expressed or implied."

For example:

A company has been incorporated (registered) with a capital of ₹ 5,00,000 which is divided into 5,000 units, then the value of each unit will be ₹ 100. 

Types of Shares 

According to the Companies Act, a company can issue only following two types of shares-

(1) Equity Shares or Ordinary Shares

(2) Preference Shares

1. Equity Shares

Equity Shares or Ordinary Shares mean those shares on which dividend is paid from the profit after dividend on preference shares. It is not necessary to give dividend on these shares. Rate of dividend is not fixed on these shares. On liquidation if some amount is left after payment to preference shareholders then equity shareholders are paid. Actually equity shareholders are real owners of the company.

2. Preference Shares

These are special shares of a company. These shares are those part of capital on which shareholders have some special preferences. Dividend is paid to them at a certain percentage. Besides on liquidation of the company preference shareholders are given preference on repayment of capital.

Difference between Equity Shares and Preference Shares


Friday, September 2, 2022

Meaning, Causes and Legal status of a Retiring Partner | 12th Accountancy important notes.

Meaning, Causes and Legal status of a Retiring Partners | 12th Accountancy important notes.



Meaning of Retirement of a partner.

The separation of a partner from the ongoing partnership business is called retirement or retirement of the partner. Retirement of a partner is the Reconstitution of the partnership, if the remaining partners wish to continue the same business. 


If the partners have specified the terms of retirement in their agreement, one partner may, with the consent of all the remaining partners, retire in accordance with the express arrangement made in the agreement. In case of  partnership at will, the partner can retire from the firm by giving written notice to the firm.


Causes of Retirement of Partner 

A partner may be required to retire from the firm due to the following reasons -

(1) the old age of the partner, 

(2) the illness and incapacity of the partner, 

(3) differences of opinion among themselves, 

(4) Willingness to go into other business, 

(5) Mentally deformed partner, 

(6) the insolvency of a partner, 

(7) the partnership firm continues to run at a loss, 

(8) Starting his own business, 

(9) for any other reason which he does not think fit to continue in the firm.


Legal Status or position of Retired Partner

(1) Any partner of partnership business may retire with the consent of the other partners. If there is an agreement in this regard, the partner who is parting ways can take leave as per the terms of the agreement. A partner entering into a voluntary partnership can take leave from the partnership by giving notice in writing.

(2) According to the Partnership Act, any change in the partnership i.e. admission, retirement or death of a new partner leads to the dissolution of the partnership. When the partnership comes to an end, it is not necessary that the partnership firm also ends, in the changed stage, that is, the remaining partners can establish a new firm and do business. 

(3) The retiring partner or the successor of the deceased partner is entitled to receive his share of capital, goodwill and amount of profit. The remaining partners give this amount to him.

(4) A partner remains liable for the liability for his tenure even after he retires from the legal point of view, but in practice the retiring partner is relieved of the liability by paying his share. 

(5) If there is accumulation of previous accumulated profits, then the successor of the retired or deceased partner is entitled to get proportionate share.

Thursday, September 1, 2022

साझेदार की निवृत्ति अथवा अवकाश ग्रहण का आशय, कारण और वैधानिक स्थिति।

साझेदार की निवृत्ति अथवा अवकाश ग्रहण का आशय, कारण और वैधानिक स्थिति। Meaning, causes and legal position of Retirement of Partner.

साझेदारी की निर्वृत्ति
साझेदारी की निर्वृत्ति

साझेदार की निवृत्ति का आशय (Meaning)


चालू साझेदारी व्यवसाय से साझेदार के पृथक होने को साझेदार की निवृत्ति अथवा उसका अवकाश ग्रहण करना कहते हैं। साझेदार की निवृत्ति साझेदारी का पुनर्गठन है, यदि शेष साझेदार उसी व्यवसाय को रखना चाहते हों। 


यदि साझेदारों ने अपने समझौते में अवकाश ग्रहण करने की स्थितियों को स्पष्ट कर रखा है, तो एक साझेदार शेष सब साझेदारों की सहमति से समझौते में किए गए स्पष्ट ठहराव के अनुसार अवकाश ग्रहण कर सकता है। ऐच्छिक साझेदारी की दशा में साझेदार फर्म को लिखित सूचना देकर फर्म से निवृत्त हो सकता है।


साझेदार की निवृत्ति के कारण (Causes of Retirement of Partner)

एक साझेदार को फर्म से अवकाश ग्रहण करने की आवश्यकता निम्न कारणों से हो सकती है-

(1) साझेदार की वृद्धावस्था, 

(2) साझेदार की अस्वस्थता तथा असमर्थता,

(3) परस्पर मतभेद हो जाना,

(4) अन्य व्यापार में जाने की इच्छा, 

(5) साझेदार की मानसिक रूप से विकृति,

(6) साझेदार का दिवालिया हो जाना, 

(7) साझेदारी फर्म लगातार हानि में चलना,

(8) स्वयं का कारोबार प्रारम्भ करना, 

(9) अन्य किसी कारण से, जिससे वह फर्म में रहना उचित न समझता हो ।


 निवृत्त साझेदार की वैधानिक स्थिति

(Legal Position of the Retiring Partner) 

(1) साझेदारी व्यापार का कोई भी साझेदार अन्य साझेदारों की सम्मति से अवकाश ग्रहण कर सकता है। इस सम्बन्ध में कोई समझौता हो, तो पृथक होने वाला साझेदार समझौते की शर्तों के अनुसार अवकाश ले सकता है। ऐच्छिक साझेदारी में जाने वाला साझेदार लिखित सूचना देकर साझेदारी से अवकाश ले सकता है।


(2) साझेदारी अधिनियम के अनुसार साझेदारी में किसी भी प्रकार का परिवर्तन अर्थात् नये साझेदार के प्रवेश, अवकाश ग्रहण अथवा मृत्यु होने पर साझेदारी का अन्त हो जाता है। साझेदारी का अन्त हो जाने पर यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि सार्थ का भी अंत हो जाय, परिवर्तित अवस्था में अर्थात् शेष साझेदार नई फर्म की स्थापना कर व्यवसाय कर सकते हैं। 


(3) अवकाश ग्रहण करने वाले साझेदार या मृत साझेदार के उत्तराधिकारी को अपने हिस्से की पूँजी, ख्याति और लाभ की रकम लेने का अधिकार होता है। शेष साझेदार उसे यह रकम दे देते हैं। 


(4) वैधानिक दृष्टि से अवकाश ग्रहण कर लेने पर भी एक साझेदार अपने कार्यकाल के दायित्व के लिए उत्तरदायी रहता है, लेकिन व्यवहार में अवकाश ग्रहण करने वाले साझेदार को उसके हिस्से की राशि देकर उसे दायित्व से मुक्त कर दिया जाता है। 


(5) यदि पूर्व संचित लाभ का संचय हो तो निवृत्त अथवा मृत साझेदार के उत्तराधिकारी को आनुपातिक भाग पाने का अधिकार होता है।

Most Important Questions Class 12th Business Studies Chapter wise.

Most Important Questions Class 12th Business Studies Chapter wise. Most important questions for 12th Board Exams 2024 - 25. Subject: Busines...